Cultural Attention Over Time

199 pre-modern works · 3,459 early editions · Google Ngram 1800–2019

All Ngram data verified from Google Books API (December 2024)

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199 works

Bible

Various (500 BC)

630

editions 1450-1600

ScriptureVariable

Imitation of Christ

Thomas à Kempis (1418)

249

editions 1450-1600

DevotionalVictorian peak

De Sphaera

Sacrobosco (1230)

230

editions 1450-1600

AstronomyVariable

Golden Legend

Jacobus de Voragine (1260)

207

editions 1450-1600

HagiographyVictorian peak

Aeneid

Virgil (19 BC)

155

editions 1450-1600

ClassicalSustained growth

Adages

Erasmus (1500)

152

editions 1450-1600

HumanismSustained growth

Sentences

Peter Lombard (1150)

125

editions 1450-1600

TheologySustained growth

Metamorphoses

Ovid (8)

107

editions 1450-1600

ClassicalRomantic peak

Divine Comedy

Dante (1320)

95

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureStable canonical

Summa Theologica

Thomas Aquinas (1274)

85

editions 1450-1600

TheologySustained growth

Orlando Furioso

Ariosto (1532)

85

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureRomantic peak

Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotle (340 BC)

73

editions 1450-1600

PhilosophySustained growth

Natural History

Pliny (77)

73

editions 1450-1600

Natural PhilosophySustained growth

Elements

Euclid (300 BC)

72

editions 1450-1600

MathematicsRomantic peak

Consolation of Philosophy

Boethius (524)

70

editions 1450-1600

PhilosophySustained growth

Canon of Medicine

Avicenna (1025)

70

editions 1450-1600

MedicineSustained growth

Decameron

Boccaccio (1353)

56

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureRomantic peak

Confessions

Augustine (400)

55

editions 1450-1600

TheologySustained growth

City of God

Augustine (426)

55

editions 1450-1600

TheologySustained growth

Book of the Courtier

Castiglione (1528)

55

editions 1450-1600

Conduct LiteratureSustained growth

Metaphysics

Aristotle (340 BC)

52

editions 1450-1600

PhilosophySustained growth

Prognosticatio

Lichtenberger (1488)

47

editions 1450-1600

ProphecyVariable

Praise of Folly

Erasmus (1511)

45

editions 1450-1600

SatireModern rediscovery

Malleus Maleficarum

Heinrich Kramer (1487)

40

editions 1450-1600

DemonologySustained growth

Republic

Plato (375 BC)

38

editions 1450-1600

PhilosophySustained growth

Revelations of Birgitta

Birgitta of Sweden (1370)

37

editions 1450-1600

MysticismModern rediscovery

Ship of Fools

Sebastian Brant (1494)

31

editions 1450-1600

SatireStable canonical

The Prince

Machiavelli (1532)

28

editions 1450-1600

Political PhilosophySustained growth

Heptameron

Marguerite de Navarre (1558)

25

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureStable canonical

De Mulieribus Claris

Boccaccio (1362)

24

editions 1450-1600

BiographyVariable

Utopia

Thomas More (1516)

22

editions 1450-1600

Political PhilosophyStable canonical

De Vita Libri Tres

Marsilio Ficino (1489)

20

editions 1450-1600

Astrology/MedicineModern rediscovery

Discourses on Livy

Machiavelli (1531)

18

editions 1450-1600

Political PhilosophyVariable

Letters of Catherine of Siena

Catherine of Siena (1375)

18

editions 1450-1600

Theology/LettersModern rediscovery

Roman de la Rose

Guillaume de Lorris (1275)

17

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureStable canonical

De Occulta Philosophia

Agrippa (1533)

15

editions 1450-1600

MagicSustained growth

Poems of Vittoria Colonna

Vittoria Colonna (1538)

15

editions 1450-1600

PoetryVictorian peak

De Re Aedificatoria

Alberti (1452)

15

editions 1450-1600

ArchitectureModern rediscovery

Canterbury Tales

Chaucer (1400)

12

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureStable canonical

Interior Castle

Teresa of Avila (1577)

12

editions 1450-1600

MysticismSustained growth

De Docta Ignorantia

Nicholas of Cusa (1440)

10

editions 1450-1600

PhilosophySustained growth

Corpus Hermeticum

Ficino (trans.) (1471)

10

editions 1450-1600

HermeticismModern rediscovery

Almagest

Ptolemy (150)

10

editions 1450-1600

AstronomyStable canonical

Life of Teresa of Avila

Teresa of Avila (1565)

10

editions 1450-1600

AutobiographySustained growth

Book of Angela of Foligno

Angela of Foligno (1309)

10

editions 1450-1600

MysticismSustained growth

De Pictura

Alberti (1435)

10

editions 1450-1600

Art TheoryModern rediscovery

Oration on the Dignity of Man

Pico della Mirandola (1486)

9

editions 1450-1600

HumanismVariable

Le Morte d'Arthur

Thomas Malory (1485)

8

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureEarly Modern peak

Piers Plowman

William Langland (1370)

8

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureStable canonical

Steganographia

Trithemius (1499)

8

editions 1450-1600

CryptographyVariable

Way of Perfection

Teresa of Avila (1566)

8

editions 1450-1600

MysticismSustained growth

Letters of Abelard and Heloise

Heloise/Abelard (1132)

8

editions 1450-1600

Letters/PhilosophyStable canonical

Lives of the Artists

Vasari (1550)

8

editions 1450-1600

Art HistorySustained growth

Troilus and Criseyde

Chaucer (1385)

6

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureModern rediscovery

De Verbo Mirifico

Reuchlin (1494)

6

editions 1450-1600

KabbalahRomantic peak

De Arte Cabalistica

Reuchlin (1517)

6

editions 1450-1600

KabbalahVariable

Plays of Hrotsvitha

Hrotsvitha (970)

5

editions 1450-1600

DramaEarly Modern peak

Discorso

Laura Terracina (1548)

5

editions 1450-1600

PoetrySustained growth

Monas Hieroglyphica

John Dee (1564)

4

editions 1450-1600

HermeticismVariable

De Revolutionibus

Copernicus (1543)

4

editions 1450-1600

AstronomyStable canonical

Book of the City of Ladies

Christine de Pizan (1405)

4

editions 1450-1600

Feminism/PhilosophyModern rediscovery

Examinations of Anne Askew

Anne Askew (1546)

4

editions 1450-1600

MartyrologyRomantic peak

Hypnerotomachia Poliphili

Francesco Colonna (1499)

3

editions 1450-1600

Art/LiteratureSustained growth

Atalanta Fugiens

Michael Maier (1617)

3

editions 1450-1600

AlchemySustained growth

Amphitheatrum Sapientiae

Heinrich Khunrath (1595)

3

editions 1450-1600

AlchemyModern rediscovery

Works of Louise Labé

Louise Labé (1555)

3

editions 1450-1600

PoetrySustained growth

Dialogues of Tullia d'Aragona

Tullia d'Aragona (1547)

3

editions 1450-1600

Philosophy/PoetrySustained growth

Prayers of Katherine Parr

Katherine Parr (1545)

3

editions 1450-1600

DevotionalVariable

Poems of Anna Bijns

Anna Bijns (1528)

3

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Les Angoysses

Hélisenne de Crenne (1538)

3

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureModern rediscovery

Vita Christi

Isabel de Villena (1497)

3

editions 1450-1600

DevotionalModern rediscovery

Utriusque Cosmi Historia

Robert Fludd (1617)

2

editions 1450-1600

HermeticismSustained growth

Picatrix

Pseudo-Maslama (1000)

2

editions 1450-1600

MagicSustained growth

Herald of Divine Love

Gertrude the Great (1289)

2

editions 1450-1600

MysticismModern rediscovery

Poems of Gaspara Stampa

Gaspara Stampa (1554)

2

editions 1450-1600

PoetrySustained growth

Nobility of Women

Lucrezia Marinella (1600)

2

editions 1450-1600

Feminism/PhilosophyModern rediscovery

Poems of Veronica Gambara

Veronica Gambara (1530)

2

editions 1450-1600

PoetryRomantic peak

Works of Des Roches

Catherine & Madeleine des Roches (1579)

2

editions 1450-1600

Poetry/LettersModern rediscovery

Works of Katharina Zell

Katharina Schütz Zell (1534)

2

editions 1450-1600

Theology/LettersModern rediscovery

Contes amoureux

Jeanne Flore (1531)

2

editions 1450-1600

LiteratureModern rediscovery

Emblemes

Georgette de Montenay (1567)

2

editions 1450-1600

Emblem BookSustained growth

Sonnets spirituels

Anne de Marquets (1562)

2

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Regentenbuch

Elisabeth von Braunschweig (1545)

2

editions 1450-1600

DevotionalModern rediscovery

Scivias

Hildegard of Bingen (1151)

1

editions 1450-1600

MysticismSustained growth

Poems of Veronica Franco

Veronica Franco (1575)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Poems of Chiara Matraini

Chiara Matraini (1555)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

The Worth of Women

Moderata Fonte (1600)

1

editions 1450-1600

Feminism/PhilosophyModern rediscovery

Copy of a Letter

Isabella Whitney (1567)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Letters of Laura Cereta

Laura Cereta (1488)

1

editions 1450-1600

Humanism/LettersModern rediscovery

Orations of Cassandra Fedele

Cassandra Fedele (1487)

1

editions 1450-1600

Humanism/OratoryVariable

Poems of Pernette du Guillet

Pernette du Guillet (1545)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Works of Luisa Sigea

Luisa Sigea (1552)

1

editions 1450-1600

HumanismModern rediscovery

Jane Anger Her Protection

Jane Anger (1589)

1

editions 1450-1600

PolemicModern rediscovery

Flori

Maddalena Campiglia (1588)

1

editions 1450-1600

DramaModern rediscovery

Premieres oeuvres

Marie de Romieu (1581)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Les Misères

Nicole Estienne (1573)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Meditation of a Penitent Sinner

Anne Locke (1560)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetrySustained growth

Morning and Evening Prayers

Elizabeth Tyrwhit (1574)

1

editions 1450-1600

DevotionalModern rediscovery

French Historie

Anne Dowriche (1589)

1

editions 1450-1600

PoetryModern rediscovery

Hymns

Elisabeth Cruciger (1524)

1

editions 1450-1600

HymnsModern rediscovery

Cloud of Unknowing

Anonymous (1375)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Revelations of Divine Love

Julian of Norwich (1395)

MysticismSustained growth

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Anonymous (1390)

LiteratureSustained growth

Causae et Curae

Hildegard of Bingen (1150)

Medicine/MysticismModern rediscovery

Book of Margery Kempe

Margery Kempe (1436)

Autobiography/MysticismModern rediscovery

Lais of Marie de France

Marie de France (1175)

LiteratureModern rediscovery

Flowing Light of the Godhead

Mechthild of Magdeburg (1250)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Herald of Divine Love

Gertrude the Great (1289)

MysticismSustained growth

Book of Special Grace

Mechthild of Hackeborn (1291)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Visions

Elisabeth of Schönau (1160)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Page of Meditations

Marguerite d'Oingt (1286)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Mirror of Simple Souls

Marguerite Porete (1300)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Seven Manners of Loving

Beatrice of Nazareth (1250)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Poems of Isabella di Morra

Isabella di Morra (1545)

PoetrySustained growth

Psalms of Mary Sidney

Mary Sidney (1599)

Poetry/TranslationVariable

Poems of Sor Juana

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1689)

PoetrySustained growth

Orations

Costanza Varano (1444)

Humanism/OratorySustained growth

Oration to Pius II

Ippolita Maria Sforza (1465)

Humanism/OratoryStable canonical

Orations & Letters

Battista da Montefeltro Malatesta (1433)

HumanismSustained growth

Letters

Cecilia Gonzaga (1447)

HumanismVariable

Laude & Sacred Poetry

Lucrezia Tornabuoni (1470)

Poetry/ReligionSustained growth

Sacre rappresentazioni

Antonia Pulci (1483)

Drama/ReligionSustained growth

Poems

Ginevra de' Benci (1478)

PoetryVariable

Letters

Isabella d'Este (1500)

Letters/PatronageSustained growth

Letters

Elisabetta Gonzaga (1502)

LettersSustained growth

Self-Portraits & Letters

Sofonisba Anguissola (1560)

Art/LettersModern rediscovery

Commentaries on Aristotle

Beatriz Galindo (1500)

HumanismSustained growth

Memorias

Leonor López de Córdoba (1400)

AutobiographyModern rediscovery

Chronicle

Jeanne de Jussie (1535)

HistoryVariable

Enseignements

Anne de Beaujeu (1505)

Advice LiteratureVictorian peak

Journal

Caritas Pirckheimer (1525)

Humanism/ReformModern rediscovery

Lamentation of a Sinner

Catherine Parr (1545)

ReligionRomantic peak

Examinations

Anne Askew (1546)

Religion/MartyrologyRomantic peak

Letters

Lady Jane Grey (1553)

LettersVictorian peak

Letters of Isotta Nogarola

Isotta Nogarola (1451)

Humanism/LettersModern rediscovery

Novelas of María de Zayas

María de Zayas (1637)

LiteratureModern rediscovery

Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum

Aemilia Lanyer (1611)

PoetryModern rediscovery

Tragedy of Mariam

Elizabeth Cary (1613)

DramaModern rediscovery

Urania

Mary Wroth (1621)

LiteratureSustained growth

Works of Margaret Cavendish

Margaret Cavendish (1666)

Philosophy/LiteratureSustained growth

Works of Aphra Behn

Aphra Behn (1688)

Drama/LiteratureSustained growth

Equality of Men and Women

Marie de Gournay (1622)

Feminism/PhilosophySustained growth

Mystical City of God

María de Ágreda (1670)

MysticismSustained growth

Autobiography of Madame Guyon

Madame Guyon (1688)

MysticismVictorian peak

Works of Isabella Andreini

Isabella Andreini (1562)

Drama/PoetrySustained growth

Poems of Laudomia Forteguerri

Laudomia Forteguerri (1555)

PoetryModern rediscovery

Poems of Tarquinia Molza

Tarquinia Molza (1575)

PoetryVariable

Autobiography (Lieutenant Nun)

Catalina de Erauso (1626)

AutobiographySustained growth

Cancionero poems

Florencia Pinar (1480)

PoetryModern rediscovery

Works of Ana de San Bartolomé

Ana de San Bartolomé (1582)

MysticismModern rediscovery

Iphigenia at Aulis

Jane Lumley (1553)

DramaModern rediscovery

Mouzell for Melastomus

Rachel Speght (1617)

PolemicModern rediscovery

Miscellanea

Elizabeth Grymeston (1604)

DevotionalSustained growth

Ane Godlie Dreame

Elizabeth Melville (1603)

PoetryVariable

Manuscripts

Esther Inglis (1600)

CalligraphyVariable

Poems

Maria Tesselschade (1620)

PoetrySustained growth

Opuscula

Anna Maria van Schurman (1648)

Philosophy/PolyglotSustained growth

Translations

Birgitte Thott (1658)

PhilosophySustained growth

Correspondence with Descartes

Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia (1643)

PhilosophyModern rediscovery

Principles of Philosophy

Anne Conway (1690)

PhilosophySustained growth

Discourse Concerning the Love of God

Damaris Cudworth Masham (1696)

PhilosophySustained growth

A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Mary Astell (1694)

Philosophy/FeminismSustained growth

Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen

Bathsua Makin (1673)

Philosophy/EducationModern rediscovery

Institutions de physique

Émilie du Châtelet (1740)

Philosophy/PhysicsModern rediscovery

Defence of Mr. Locke's Essay

Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1702)

PhilosophyModern rediscovery

Traité de la morale et de la politique

Gabrielle Suchon (1693)

Philosophy/FeminismModern rediscovery

Physics Dissertations

Laura Bassi (1732)

Philosophy/PhysicsStable canonical

Instituzioni analitiche

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1748)

Philosophy/MathematicsSustained growth

Doctoral Thesis

Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1678)

PhilosophySustained growth

The Alexiad

Anna Comnena (1148)

History/PhilosophyRomantic peak

Poems & Sayings

Rabia al-Adawiyya (801)

Philosophy/MysticismModern rediscovery

The Tale of Genji

Murasaki Shikibu (1010)

LiteratureSustained growth

The Pillow Book

Sei Shōnagon (1002)

LiteratureSustained growth

Lessons for Women

Ban Zhao (100)

Philosophy/EthicsModern rediscovery

Poems

Li Qingzhao (1125)

PoetryModern rediscovery

Devotional Songs

Mirabai (1540)

Poetry/DevotionalSustained growth

Vakhs

Lal Ded (1355)

Poetry/MysticismVictorian peak

Teachings

Themistoclea (550 BC)

Philosophy/ReligionVictorian peak

Teachings

Myia (500 BC)

PhilosophyNo data

Teachings

Damo (500 BC)

PhilosophyNo data

On Wisdom

Perictione (450 BC)

PhilosophyStable canonical

Teachings

Aspasia of Miletus (450 BC)

Philosophy/RhetoricVictorian peak

Teachings

Arete of Cyrene (350 BC)

PhilosophySustained growth

On the Harmony of Women

Aesara of Lucania (350 BC)

PhilosophyModern rediscovery

On the Moderation of Women

Phintys (350 BC)

PhilosophySustained growth

Works

Hypatia of Alexandria (400)

Philosophy/MathematicsStable canonical

Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium

Maria Sibylla Merian (1705)

Natural HistorySustained growth

Urania Propitia

Maria Cunitz (1650)

AstronomyVariable

Astronomical Observations

Sophie Brahe (1590)

AstronomyModern rediscovery

Comet Discovery

Maria Margarethe Kirch (1702)

AstronomyModern rediscovery

Astronomical Tables

Elisabeth Hevelius (1690)

AstronomyModern rediscovery

Halley's Comet Calculations

Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1762)

Astronomy/MathematicsModern rediscovery

Comet Discoveries

Caroline Herschel (1786)

AstronomyVictorian peak

On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences

Mary Somerville (1831)

Natural PhilosophyVictorian peak

Notes on the Analytical Engine

Ada Lovelace (1843)

Mathematics/ComputingModern rediscovery

Trotula

Trota of Salerno (1150)

MedicineSustained growth

Alchemical Works

Mary the Jewess (100)

AlchemySustained growth

Querelle des Femmes

Various (1500)

Feminism/DebateModern rediscovery

Il Libro dell'Arte

Cennini (1400)

Art TechniqueVictorian peak

Methodology & Data Sources

Ngram Frequency Data

Source: Google Books Ngram Viewer API
Corpus: English (en-2019)
Smoothing: 3
Date retrieved: December 2024

All 199 works were queried directly from the API. Some works use combined queries (e.g., "Summa Theologica,Summa Theologiae") to capture title variants. Values represent frequency per billion words.

Edition Counts

ISTC: Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (editions before 1501)
USTC: Universal Short Title Catalogue (16th century)

Edition counts are from cached lookups and may not reflect latest database updates. Works showing 0 editions either circulated in manuscript, were published after 1600, or appear under variant titles not captured in our search.

Verify This Data

Run your own queries at books.google.com/ngrams. The exact query used for each work is stored in the source code.

Pattern Guide

Sustained growth
Modern rediscovery
Postwar peak
Victorian peak
Early Modern peak
Stable canonical
Romantic peak
Variable

All Ngram data from Google Books API · Edition counts from ISTC/USTC · December 2024